Dadabhau Yadav — новинки

This study suggested that for obtaining the optimum yield of principal crops, the use crucial inputs like manures and N, P and K fertilizers could be increased and use of bullock labour and human labour could be decreased by use of mechanical means such as tractor, sprayers, dusters and harvester in order to reduce the cost of cultivation and increase efficiency of resources. The input costs were substantially increased by four to five times over output prices because of inflationary pressure on input costs. Therefore, the support price policy for food-grains should help the farmers in increasing farm income mainly through output price rise, but it has failed in reducing the variability in gross income. There is no parity between farm harvest prices to input prices, farm harvest prices to cost of production and income to cost of production in cereals, pulses and oil seeds with exception of gram, sunflower and groundnut for income to cost of production. There were seasonal fluctuations in arrivals and prices with a negative relationship with exception of gram, groundnut and sunflower in Solapur market and wheat, gram and groundnut in Pune market.

The present investigation examines the price parity, input and output prices and trends in arrivals and prices of wheat, rabi jowar, gram, pigeon pea, groundnut and sunflower in different agro-climatic zones of Western Maharashtra. The input costs were substantially increased by four to five times over output prices because of inflationary pressure on input costs. Therefore, the support price policy for foodgrains should help the farmers in increasing farm income, but it has failed in reducing the variability in gross income. There is no parity between farm harvest prices to input prices and cost of production and income to cost of production in cereals, pulses and oilseeds. The compound growth rates of average input cost, minimum support prices, farm harvest prices, cost of production, gross income at minimum support prices and at farm harvest prices of all crops were positive and highly significant. There were seasonal fluctuations in arrivals and prices with a negative relationship. To avoid lower prices, it is suggested to store the grains in the warehouses. The need of money could be fulfilled by obtaining warehouse receipt loans.

The total milk production in the Maharashtra State had increased from 19.09 to 74.55 lakh tons during 1981-82 to 2008-09. Per litre cost of purchase of milk (Rs.12.96) was relatively higher in private dairy than co-operative units (Rs.12.90), while per litre cost of collection (Rs.0.99), processing (Rs.0.75), distribution (Rs.0.65) and management cost (Rs.0.74) were relatively high in co-operative than private dairy unit (Rs.0.66, Rs.0.57, Rs.0.36 and Rs.0.19), respectively. The benefit cost ratio was relatively higher in co-operative (1.25) than private dairy unit (1.13). Per litre cost of milk production was worked out to Rs.9.44 and Rs.19.38 for cow and buffaloe milk, respectively. The benefit cost ratio was higher for cow as compared to buffaloe. The input-output ratio of milk production ranged between 1.24 and 1.27. The irregularity of electricity supply, high collection cost, administrative cost and overhead charges, etc. were the major problems of dairy units. Non availability of pure breed in local market, low prices, high wage rate of labour, high cost of feed and fodder etc. were the major problems faced by the milk producers.

The output-input ratio revealed that the farming system- III was more profitable, which shows output-input ratio of 1.75 followed by 1.39 in farming system- II and 1.19 in farming system- I . Result indicated that the farming system III was more profitable than farming system- I and II and also the farming systems of irrigated region were more profitable than rainfed region. It is therefore, concluded that the farming system- III was most rewarding because of diversified activities and certainty of irrigation. In expenditure pattern, out of the total expenditure more than 70 per cent was the farm expenditure in all the farming systems. The expenditure on crop production was the major expenditure in farming system- I and II, while expenditure on horticulture was major expenditure in farming system- III. The regionwise total expenditure was more in irrigated region than the rainfed region.. The regionwise sustainable farm income indicated that, farming system- II and III, were having the sustainable farm incomes in both the regions. But farming system- I of irrigated and rainfed region could not meet their requirements on the basis of their farm business income.

The investigation was undertaken to assess the impact of WTO on external trade, the competitiveness and comparative advantage in exports, problems in exports and the measures taken to boost the foreign trade in selected agricultural commodities. The secondary data pertaining to quantity and value of selected agricultural commodities under exports and imports were collected for the periods i.e. Pre-WTO (1985-86 to 1994-95) and post-WTO (1995-96 to 2005-06) period. Study pointed out that during the post-WTO period the export and import of agricultural commodities was increased as compared to pre-WTO period. India has comparative advantage in export of rice, wheat, onion, grapes, coffee and pepper in World market. India has moderate competitiveness for the export of wheat, rice, onion, potato, grapes, mangoes and cashew kernels in World market. The study suggests that there is urgent need to divert the export of commodities from neighboring countries where, the price realization is less to the countries where the price realization is comparatively more. However, infrastructural facility play a key role in long run growth in export of agriculture commodities which is the need of hour.