Arun Karnwal — новинки

Lipases (triacylglycerol acylhydrolases, E.C. 3.1.1.3) are ubiquitous enzymes of considerable physiological significance and industrial potential. Lipases catalyze the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols to glycerol and free fatty acids. Lipases find promising applications in organic chemical processing, detergent formulations, synthesis of biosurfactants, the oleochemical industry, the dairy industry, the agrochemical industry, paper manufacture, nutrition, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical processing. Commercially useful lipases are usually obtained from microorganisms that produce a wide variety of extracellular lipases.

Heavy metals are widespread pollutants of great concern as they are non degradable and thus persistent. These metals are used in various industries from which effluents are consequently discharged into the environment. Introduction of metals in various forms into the environment can produce numerous modifications of microbial communities and affect their activities. In order to survive in heavy-metal polluted environments, many micro-organisms have developed means of resistance to toxic metal ions.At higher concentrations, however, heavy-metal ions form unspecific complex compounds in the cell, which leads to toxic effects. Some heavy-metal cations, e.g. Hg2+, Cd2+and Ag+, form strong toxic complexes, which makes them too dangerous for any physiological function. Microbiological processes can either solubilize metals, thereby increasing their bioavailability and potential toxicity, or immobilize them, and thereby reduce the bioavailability of metals. These biotransformations are important components of biogeochemical cycles of metals.

The living standard of the people has increased across the world due to the rapid economic development which directly leads into more material consumption and more waste generation. Waste management is a challenging problem in all countries. Disposal of Organic waste, uses large quantities of land for disposal and are often a source of soil and groundwater pollution. Vermicomposting is the process by which earthworms are used to convert organic materials (usually wastes) into a humus-like material known as vermicompost. Vermiculture or vermicomposting is derived from the Latin term vermis, meaning worms. Vermicomposting is a simple biotechnological process of composting in which certain species of earthworms are used to convert the biodegradable solid wastes or organic wastes into a nutrient-rich end product, vermicompost, which is used as a soil conditioner. Vermicompost can have great effects upon the germination, flowering, fruiting and yields of a crop particularly high value crops.Because vermicompost are so rich in plant nutrients, they promote plant growth and yields at relatively low application rates into plant growth media and soils.

Peptidases are commonly designated as protease (EC 3.4), which is an important group of enzymes produced mainly for food, pharmaceutical, detergent, leather and textile industries. In food processing, proteases are used extensively for the modification and improvement of protein functionality, production of protein hydrolyzates, meat tenderization, utilization of different by-products, as well as for catalysis of the plastein reactions. A limited hydrolysis is advantageous to improve protein functional properties, such as solubility, emulsifying capacity and foaming and gel forming ability. On the contrary, deep hydrolysis leads to products containing short peptides and free amino acids. In many cases, selective proteases are necessary, e.g., for the development of desirable flavor, removing bitter peptides or for production of bioactive compounds. Proteolytic enzymes are very important in digestion as they breakdown the peptide bonds in the protein foods to liberate the amino acids needed by the body. Additionally, proteolytic enzymes have been used for a long time in various forms of therapy. Their use in medicine is notable based on several clinical studies.

As one of the earths most abundant sources of energy, the starch industries world-wide have experienced exceptional growth in the past decades. This has been coupled with the increased use of amylases, a class of enzymes that break down starchy foods into simple sugars like glucose, maltose and limit dextrins. Amylases have found numerous applications ranging from leavening of breads, brewing, preparation of digestive aids and syrups, desizing of textiles, modification of coated paper to generation of fuels, manufacture of gypsum board for dry wall construction and as an additive in laundry detergents. Certain bacteria have the inherent property of synthesizing amylases to break down starch into readily utilizable products. These products are used by these bacteria for their sustenance and growth. This property of bacteria has been exploited for the industrial production of amylases where large scale economical production of enzymes is essential.

Alpha amylase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes alpha bonds of large alpha-linked polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen yielding glucose and maltose. It is the major form of amylase found in humans and other mammals. Alpha amylases are universally distributed throughout the animals, plants and microbes kingdom, but from fungal and bacterial sources have dominated application in industrial sector. Several Bacillus sp. and thermostable actinomyces including Thermospora and Thermo-actinomyces are versatile producers of alpha amylase. Genus Bacillus produces large variety of extracellular enzymes of which amylase and protease are of significant industrial applications. In-silico approach for analysis of biological information is very useful and cost effective in comparison to wet lab approaches. Bioinformatics provides number of on-line and off-line tools for analysis of biological molecules, includes DNA, RNA, Proteins etc. Genbank and PUBMED are the main reservoirs for this biological information.

Under present day condition, it becomes very essential to protect the environment from further degradation, develop appropriate technologies for use in recycling various organic wastes and to harness energy thus minimizing environmental stress. Vermitechnology is a promising technique that has shown its potential in certain challenging areas like augmentation of food production, waste recycling, management of solid wastes, etc. The active component involved in the biodegradation and conversion processes during composting is the resident microbial community, among which fungi play a very important role. Large-scale composting has been shown to be an important element in sustainable waste management and could have a vital role to play in meeting the obligations of the Landfill Directive. However, very few people know much about the widespread science and practice of using earthworms to compost waste on a large-scale.

Chickpea is very often used as a crash diet and it is one of the most widely made recipes in kitchen due to its good taste and nutritive values. The paste made out of the seed is widely used in preventing hair fall and hair related problems. Its paste is applied on the skin specially the face to enhance the shine and glow on the face. It is also used to open the pores and blocked pores. Its powder is used in improving the indigestion and digestive disorders. It is also used as body building agents by body builders. It has been estimated that more than 100 million tones of nitrogen, potash and phosphate-chemical fertilizers have been used annually in order to increase plant yield. The potential negative effect of chemical fertilizers on the global environment and the cost associated with production has led to research with the objective of replacing chemical fertilizers with bacterial inoculants or Bio-fertilizer by using PGPR’s. The preset study is approached to use PGPR’s as plant growth promoter, to increase the production of chickpea.