Новинки Вальтера Шайделя

Вальтер Шайдель (иногда его на английский манер называют Уолтер Шейдел) – австрийский историк, профессор Стэнфорда, специалист в области экономической истории и исторической демографии, автор яркой исторической концепции, которая устанавливает связь между насилием и уровнем неравенства. Стабильные, мирные времена благоприятствуют экономическому неравенству, а жестокие потрясения сокращают разрыв между богатыми и бедными. Шайдель называет четыре основных причины такого сокращения, сравнивая их с четырьмя всадниками Апокалипсиса – символом хаоса и глобальной катастрофы. Эти четыре всадника – война, революция, распад государства и масштабные эпидемии. Все эти факторы, кроме последнего, связаны с безграничным насилием, и все без исключения влекут за собой бесконечные страдания и миллионы жертв. Именно насилие Шайдель называет "великим уравнителем".

Насилие и история неравенства от каменного века до XXI столетия. Вальтер Шайдель (иногда его на английский манер называют Уолтер Шейдел) – австрийский историк, профессор Стэнфорда, специалист в области экономической истории и исторической демографии, автор яркой исторической концепции, которая устанавливает связь между насилием и уровнем неравенства. Стабильные, мирные времена благоприятствуют экономическому неравенству, а жестокие потрясения сокращают разрыв между богатыми и бедными. Шайдель называет четыре основных причины такого сокращения, сравнивая их с четырьмя всадниками Апокалипсиса – символом хаоса и глобальной катастрофы. Эти четыре всадника – война, революция, распад государства и масштабные эпидемии. Все эти факторы, кроме последнего, связаны с безграничным насилием, и все без исключения влекут за собой бесконечные страдания и миллионы жертв. Именно насилие Шайдель называет «великим уравнителем».

How only violence and catastrophes have consistently reduced inequality throughout world history

Are mass violence and catastrophes the only forces that can seriously decrease economic inequality? To judge by thousands of years of history, the answer is yes. Tracing the global history of inequality from the Stone Age to today, Walter Scheidel shows that inequality never dies peacefully. Inequality declines when carnage and disaster strike and increases when peace and stability return. The Great Leveler is the first book to chart the crucial role of violent shocks in reducing inequality over the full sweep of human history around the world.

Ever since humans began to farm, herd livestock, and pass on their assets to future generations, economic inequality has been a defining feature of civilization. Over thousands of years, only violent events have significantly lessened inequality. The "Four Horsemen" of leveling—mass-mobilization warfare, transformative revolutions, state collapse, and catastrophic plagues—have repeatedly destroyed the fortunes of the rich. Scheidel identifies and examines these processes, from the crises of the earliest civilizations to the cataclysmic world wars and communist revolutions of the twentieth century. Today, the violence that reduced inequality in the past seems to have diminished, and that is a good thing. But it casts serious doubt on the prospects for a more equal future.

An essential contribution to the debate about inequality, The Great Leveler provides important new insights about why inequality is so persistent—and why it is unlikely to decline anytime soon.

The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy offers readers a comprehensive and innovative introduction to the economy of the Roman Empire. Focusing on the principal determinants, features, and consequences of Roman economic development and integrating additional web-based materials, it is designed as an up-to-date survey that is accessible to all audiences. Five main sections discuss theoretical approaches drawn from Economics, labor regimes, the production of power and goods, various means of distribution from markets to predation, and the success and ultimate failure of the Roman economy. The book not only covers traditionally prominent features such as slavery, food production, and monetization but also highlights the importance of previously neglected aspects such as the role of human capital, energy generation, rent-taking, logistics, and human wellbeing, and convenes a group of five experts to debate the nature of Roman trade.

The world's first known empires took shape in Mesopotamia between the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf, beginning around 2350 BCE. The next 2,500 years witnessed sustained imperial growth, bringing a growing share of humanity under the control of ever-fewer states. Two thousand years ago, just four major powers--the Roman, Parthian, Kushan, and Han empires--ruled perhaps two-thirds of the earth's entire population. Yet despite empires' prominence in the early history of civilization, there have been surprisingly few attempts to study the dynamics of ancient empires in the western Old World comparatively. Such grand comparisons were popular in the eighteenth century, but scholars then had only Greek and Latin literature and the Hebrew Bible as evidence, and necessarily framed the problem in different, more limited, terms. Near Eastern texts, and knowledge of their languages, only appeared in large amounts in the later nineteenth century. Neither Karl Marx nor Max Weber could make much use of this material, and not until the 1920s were there enough archaeological data to make syntheses of early European and west Asian history possible. But one consequence of the increase in empirical knowledge was that twentieth-century scholars generally defined the disciplinary and geographical boundaries of their specialties more narrowly than their Enlightenment predecessors had done, shying away from large questions and cross-cultural comparisons. As a result, Greek and Roman empires have largely been studied in isolation from those of the Near East. This volume is designed to address these deficits and encourage dialogue across disciplinary boundaries by examining the fundamental features of the successive and partly overlapping imperial states that dominated much of the Near East and the Mediterranean in the first millennia BCE and CE.

A substantial introductory discussion of recent thought on the mechanisms of imperial state formation prefaces the five newly commissioned case studies of the Neo-Assyrian, Achaemenid Persian, Athenian, Roman, and Byzantine empires. A final chapter draws on the findings of evolutionary psychology to improve our understanding of ultimate causation in imperial predation and exploitation in a wide range of historical systems from all over the globe. Contributors include John Haldon, Jack Goldstone, Peter Bedford, Josef Wiesehöfer, Ian Morris, Walter Scheidel, and Keith Hopkins, whose essay on Roman political economy was completed just before his death in 2004.