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Flood is the most common of all environmental hazards.The reason lies because of the widespread geographical distribution of rivers basins from mountainous terrain to flood plains, the low lying coasts and deltas.Pakistan is also a country which faces flood hazard Periodically. Indus river basin is the main flood prone area which occupies two-third area of Pakistan. The South-Asiatic monsoon winds bring torrential rains from July to September. The recent floods occurred in August 2010 and August –September 2011 were worst floods in the history of Pakistan.It affected about 20 million people,killed 3000, destroyed 1 million houses,displaced 10 millions,and millions were affected by water-borne diseases, lack of food, drinking water and shelter. It is estimated that that about 130 million hectare of croplands had been inundated. The United Nations called these floods as most disastrous floods in the history of Pakistan which smashed economy of the country. Urban flooding is another growing catastrophic challenge in the mega cities of the World. Karachi, the mega city of Pakistan has a disastrous impacts of flooding due to sprawling

Karachi is the largest city of Pakistan. It is the largest industrial center and business hub of the country. It emerged from a small fishing village in 1729. The city was properly planned and expanded during the British rule(1839 to 1947).After creation of Pakistan it was the first capital of the country. Due to its rapid population growth and areal expansion the city has developed a complex pattern of land use and land value.The city comprises orient and modern land uses.The cantonments and civil lines mark the legacy of the British colonial rule.The bazaar is a typical retail market of South Asian cities.Squatter settlements are characteristics of the cities of Less Developed Countries.The high rises, Malls and Marts are features of Western Cities

The Karakoram-Hindu Kush-Himalayas Region of Pakistan is important all over the World not only because of their lofty mountains and glaciers but also because of their people who live with their traditional folk practices.Two of them are transhumance and indigenous community oriented system of irrigation called diversion channels.Transhumance is a seasonal movement of pastoral farmers who go to their pastures along with their animals for a period of three to four months and come back to their villages. In Gilgit-Baltistan the Shyok Valley and Yasin Valley while in Khyberpukhtunkhawa the Gawaldai Valley and Kaghan Valley are main areas where transhumant groups live. Due to modern development and socio-economic changes this old folk practice is diminishing rapidly. Diversion Channel is an indigenous community oriented irrigation system developed by their elders centuries ago to irrigate their land. It is operated and monitered by a community organization and has an excellent system of water sharing.

This study examines the role and performance of central banks in low-income countries that have faced a range of domestic and external fragilities, aggravated by the global financial crisis that started in the United States and other advanced economies. It focuses on a select group of developing member countries of the Asian Development Bank in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and South Asia that have been and will continue to be vulnerable to adverse external developments.