Saurabh Varma — новинки

Cancer is emerging as major public health problem in India and it is lifestyle related, have a long latent period and needs specialized infrastructure and human resource for treatment. Based on the cancer registry data it is estimated about 800,000 new cancers cases in India every year. Cancer sites associated with tobacco form 35-50% of all cancers in men and about 17% of cancers in women. These cancers are amenable to primary prevention and can be controlled to a large extent. Cancer can occur in all living cells in the body and different cancer types have different natural history. Epidemiological studies have shown that 70-90% of all cancers are environmental. Lifestyle related factors are the most important and preventable among the environmental exposures. Tobacco consumption either as chewing or smoking will account for 50% of all cancers in men. Dietary practices, reproductive and sexual practices etc will account for 20-30% of cancers. Appropriate changes in lifestyle and recent advancement to detect cancer at early stage can help to decide the therapeutic regime which can reduce the mortality and morbidity from a good proportion of cancer.

Cancer is abnormal division of cells with the ability to invade other tissues. Cancer may be of more than 100 types depending on the origin of organ or cell types in which they start. Breast cancer begins in the cells of the lobule or ducts or in the stromal tissues .Genetic abnormality is also one of the main cause of breast cancer. Whereas prostrate cancer occurs due to mutation and may spread to other parts of body. Immunohistochemical and Immnofluorescence study of COX-2 expression in 29 cancer patient samples was performed. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is an angiogenic factor i.e., strongly related to inflammatory diseases & the development of cancer& metastasis in several cancers. We observed the higher percentage expression of COX-2 in breast & prostate carcinoma using IHC in comparison to IF. Positive immunoreactivity to COX-2 was noted 62.5% by IHC & 72.2% by IF. This study suggests the possible role of the COX-2 in breast & prostate cancer patients .

The brain cells called neurons are meant to divide rapidly. Brain cancer starts in just one cell when a division starts dividing in an uncontrolled manner. As the cell makes more copies of itself, it grows to form a tumor, may be Benign or Malignant tumors. Immunohistochemical study of tissue Transglutaminase (tTG) in 22 brain tumor samples was performed. tTG expression was observed visually in endothelial and tumor cells. In most of the cases, the tTG expression was observed in endothelial cells but in few cases tTG expression was also observed in tumor cells along with endothelial cells. This shows that tumors were of high grade. We observed benign and malignant tumours like Meningioma, Papilloma, Adenoma, Astrocytoma, Glioblastoma, Multiforme Glioblastoma, Gemistocytic and Neurocytoma. Twelve females and ten males were among patients having age ranged from 8-61yrs.. The tumor were graded according to WHO grading system from grade one to grade four .Low grade tumors were more in comparison to high grade tumors. The tissue Transglutaminase expression was expressed in terms of percentage where high grade tumors showed higher percentage of expression compared to low grade ones.

Transitional Cell Carcinoma accounts for more than 90% of bladder cancer. DNA analysis is the second most important application of flow cytometry. DNA content of individual cells give information about their ploidy in tumours and the distribution of cells across the cell cycle. Tumor DNA content has been found to be of prognostic importance for patients with many malignant tumors, such as carcinoma of urinary bladder. In-vitro cytotoxic studies on patients own cultured tumor tissue cells was done for the optimum cytotoxic combination of chemotherapeutic drugs and immunomodulators. This study was proposed investigate the DNA content evaluation and invitro monitoring of cytotoxicity produced by various chemotherapeutic agents viz Doxorubicin, Mitomycin C and Cisplatin on cultured cancer cells of patients having superficial TCC, individually as well as in combination of immunomodulating agents BCG and interferon alpha- 2b.Out of 25 samples nine were were aneuploid, one diploid and one tetraploid.Grade II samples were 70%. Out of 22 samples on which cytotoxicity test performed, 36.4% showed maximum cytotoxicity to the combination therapy and 5 showed to BCG drug.

Cancer is high proliferation of cells due to abnormalities in cell division and DNA replication. Breast cancer is most common malignancy of women with 45-80% response rate. However, recurrence is most common and most of the patients do not develop a satisfactory immunological antitumour response due to several mechanism, T-cells dysfunction. It is about 1% in men. In present study, we tried to investigate the role of T-cells and DNA content analysis as prognostic marker in breast cancer patients compared to normal healthy individuals using Flowctometry and Confocal Laser Scanning Microcopy. We studied 31 Breast carcinoma patients and 12 Normal healthy persons. Out of 31 patients, cancer patients showed significant increase in CD3, CD4 percentage while there was no significant change in CD8 percentage. Increased CD4 values suggested that these cells have immunosuppressive characterstics either due to cell contact or soluble factors and therefore contribute to dysfunction of immune system against cancer cells. Flowcytometry can assist pathologist in making objective, quantitative measurements on cells and tissue which can compliment pathological diagnosis.