Nasira Khatoon — новинки

Protozoa are eukaryotic organisms. They caused the infection in human. They are clearly seen in the infected stool of human. The infestation is common in worldwide and affected social classes. So it is necessary to find out, how much general population of the particular locality is familiar to the disease. Study shows infection intensity in general public developing safe prophylexative measure to protect people from protozoan infection. Six months data was collected from different hospital in the North Karachi Area in which 245 patients affected form protozoan infection. The patients were of different age group and sex. After the data analysis the prevalence rate of protozoa observed high in male 52.65%, than the female 47.34%. The statistical analysis shows variation in mean and standard deviation of different factor of patients. The Study shows variation of infection intensity due to poor water supply, poor sanitation, and non hygiene overcrowding. Personal hygiene is an important protective measure and access to adequate water supply is important in control. This study will benefit to students, researchers of Parasitology and the people working in the field of public health.

The parasites that live and nourished from blood cells of the host are called hemoparasites. The two main species of Plasmodium i.e. P. vivax and P. falciparum are endemic in Pakistan. P. vivax is dominant over P. falciparum. Literature revealed that the prevalence of P. vivax in Pakistan is 74% while P. falciparum is 26% (WHO 2009). The present research estimated the intensity of Plasmodium infection in Korangi, Karachi to develop awareness and protective measures. One year data has been collected from hospitals and laboratories of Korangi Creek and examined. Total 481 infected slides were observed out of which 396 (82.3%) were P. vivax and 85 (17.6%) were P. falciparum. The infection ratio was 4.5:1. The infection % in Male is 59.25% while in female is 40.75%. The statistical analysis shows variation in mean and standard deviation of age, the mean age was 25. Infection incidence in age group 1-15 years 15.17%, in 16-40 years 81.28% and in 41-60 was 3.53%. It was concluded that incidence rate was high during the year especially of 16-40 years of age. The protective measures are required to overcome the disease. This study will benefit to students and researchers in this field.

Among oldest of all terrestrial animals are mites, with known fossils nearly 400 million years ago, 3 main lineages are: Parasitiformes, Opilioacariformes and Acariformes. A small fraction of about 45,000 mite species have been reported (5%) of species alive in these days. The cause of health-related problems is recognized by more than 250 mite’s species for domestic animals and humans. There are 2 significant diseases of human for which mites serves as the principal vectors i.e., rickettiralpox and tsutsugamushi. Acarophobia or an abnormal mite fear may also be reported. Present studies indicate that scabies is the most common skin problem in Karachi as compared to other skin diseases. This study proved that unhygienic condition and poverty are important factors for this disease, according to our data, higher prevalence rate was found in lower socioeconomic classes. The statistical analysis of patients according to residence is also carried out first time. Statistical analysis of the data was also carried out on the base of professions. This study will help the students of Parasitology and Dermatologists working in this field.

The acanthocephala constitute an important group of worms, unlike trematodes they lack a mouth and digestive system. Research workers all over the world are continuously engaged in finding out more and more facts about parasites for better prevalence and control measures. In Pakistan, parasitology on the whole is a neglected field of study, inspite of the fact that parasite infections are one of the major causes of disease in human and animals. In Pakistan researchers and students always face difficulty in locating the parasite fauna of this region specially the birds, therefore it is thought necessary to prepare a list of birds and acanthocephala of this region, because many species of acanthocephala found in Pakistan are not reported yet. During the present study some species of acanthocephalan were also recovered which were presented here, alongwith histopathological changes, changes revealed necrosis, inflammation and degeneration especially the areas where parasite physically not present. Observation and results were presented in the form of photographs and drawing. This work is valuable for students of parasitology, teachers and research workers in this field.

Helminths are parasites living inside the body of animals and human beings. They are host specific and the site specific. There are many helminth parasites living in the intestine of human being and causing a huge destruction. It is observed from the recent research that four species of helminth parasites were present in population of Gulistan-e-johar area, i.e. Ascaris lumbricoides (Linnaeus, 1683), Hymenolepis nana (von Siebold, 1852), Ancylostoma duodenale (Angelo Dubini, 1838) and Trichuris trichuria (Morgani, 1740). It was observed that the infection of Ascariasis was highest and Trichuriasis was lowest. After data analysis the incidence of overall infection observed 56% (Ascariasis), 31% (Hymenolepiasis), 6% (Ancylostomiasis), 5% (Trichuriasis). 38% infected females and 61% infected males. The infection is highest in young males of age group 16-40. The statistical analysis of the research work showed variation in mean and standard deviation of age. In all above infections the males are highly infected because of more exposure to the environment and children also infected due to unawareness of hygiene. This book will help the students of Parasitology and public health workers.